Each of the two polytypic groups is recognized as a separate species, based on differences in size, wing-tip structure and plumage (especially tail pattern), following (Schodde and Mason 1999). The group Australasian Pipit (Australian) Anthus novaeseelandiae [australis Group], with subspecies exiguus, rogersi, bilbali, australis, and bistriatus, becomes Australian Pipit Anthus australis; and the polytypic group New Zealand Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae, with subspecies novaeseelandiae, chathamensis, aucklandicus, and steindachneri, becomes New Zealand Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae.